Block diagrams consist of a single block or a combination of blocks. These are used to represent the control systems in pictorial form.
Basic Elements of Block Diagram
The basic elements of a block diagram are a block, the summing point and the take-off point. Let us consider the block diagram of a closed loop control system as shown in the following figure to identify these elements.
The above block diagram consists of two blocks having transfer functions G(s) and H(s). It is also having one summing point and one take-off point. Arrows indicate the direction of the flow of signals. Let us now discuss these elements one by one.
Block
The transfer function of a component is represented by a block. Block has single input and single output.
The following figure shows a block having input X(s), output Y(s) and the transfer function G(s).
Transfer Function,$G(s)=frac{Y(s)}{X(s)}$
$$Rightarrow Y(s)=G(s)X(s)$$
Output of the block is obtained by multiplying transfer function of the block with input.
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Summing Point
The summing point is represented with a circle having cross (X) inside it. It has two or more inputs and single output. It produces the algebraic sum of the inputs. It also performs the summation or subtraction or combination of summation and subtraction of the inputs based on the polarity of the inputs. Let us see these three operations one by one.
The following figure shows the summing point with two inputs (A, B) and one output (Y). Here, the inputs A and B have a positive sign. So, the summing point produces the output, Y as sum of A and B.
i.e.,Y = A + B.
The following figure shows the summing point with two inputs (A, B) and one output (Y). Here, the inputs A and B are having opposite signs, i.e., A is having positive sign and B is having negative sign. So, the summing point produces the output Y as the difference of A and B.
Y = A + (-B) = A - B.
The following figure shows the summing point with three inputs (A, B, C) and one output (Y). Here, the inputs A and B are having positive signs and C is having a negative sign. So, the summing point produces the output Y as
Y = A + B + (−C) = A + B − C.
Take-off Point
The take-off point is a point from which the same input signal can be passed through more than one branch. That means with the help of take-off point, we can apply the same input to one or more blocks, summing points.
In the following figure, the take-off point is used to connect the same input, R(s) to two more blocks.
Block Diagram Of Computer Hardware
In the following figure, the take-off point is used to connect the output C(s), as one of the inputs to the summing point.
Block Diagram Representation of Electrical Systems
In this section, let us represent an electrical system with a block diagram. Electrical systems contain mainly three basic elements — resistor, inductor and capacitor.
Consider a series of RLC circuit as shown in the following figure. Where, Vi(t) and Vo(t) are the input and output voltages. Let i(t) be the current passing through the circuit. This circuit is in time domain.
By applying the Laplace transform to this circuit, will get the circuit in s-domain. The circuit is as shown in the following figure.
From the above circuit, we can write
$$I(s)=frac{V_i(s)-V_o(s)}{R+sL}$$
$Rightarrow I(s)=left { frac{1}{R+sL} right }left { V_i(s)-V_o(s) right }$ (Equation 1)
$V_o(s)=left ( frac{1}{sC} right )I(s)$ (Equation 2)
Let us now draw the block diagrams for these two equations individually. And then combine those block diagrams properly in order to get the overall block diagram of series of RLC Circuit (s-domain).
Equation 1 can be implemented with a block having the transfer function, $frac{1}{R+sL}$. The input and output of this block are $left { V_i(s)-V_o(s) right }$ and $I(s)$. We require a summing point to get $left { V_i(s)-V_o(s) right }$. The block diagram of Equation 1 is shown in the following figure.
Equation 2 can be implemented with a block having transfer function, $frac{1}{sC}$. The input and output of this block are $I(s)$ and $V_o(s)$. The block diagram of Equation 2 is shown in the following figure.
The overall block diagram of the series of RLC Circuit (s-domain) is shown in the following figure.
Similarly, you can draw the block diagram of any electrical circuit or system just by following this simple procedure.
- Convert the time domain electrical circuit into an s-domain electrical circuit by applying Laplace transform.
- Write down the equations for the current passing through all series branch elements and voltage across all shunt branches.
- Draw the block diagrams for all the above equations individually.
- Combine all these block diagrams properly in order to get the overall block diagram of the electrical circuit (s-domain).
Block diagrams consist of a single block or a combination of blocks. These are used to represent the control systems in pictorial form.
Basic Elements of Block Diagram
The basic elements of a block diagram are a block, the summing point and the take-off point. Let us consider the block diagram of a closed loop control system as shown in the following figure to identify these elements.
The above block diagram consists of two blocks having transfer functions G(s) and H(s). It is also having one summing point and one take-off point. Arrows indicate the direction of the flow of signals. Let us now discuss these elements one by one.
Block
The transfer function of a component is represented by a block. Block has single input and single output.
The following figure shows a block having input X(s), output Y(s) and the transfer function G(s).
Transfer Function,$G(s)=frac{Y(s)}{X(s)}$
$$Rightarrow Y(s)=G(s)X(s)$$
Output of the block is obtained by multiplying transfer function of the block with input.
Summing Point
The summing point is represented with a circle having cross (X) inside it. It has two or more inputs and single output. It produces the algebraic sum of the inputs. It also performs the summation or subtraction or combination of summation and subtraction of the inputs based on the polarity of the inputs. Let us see these three operations one by one.
The following figure shows the summing point with two inputs (A, B) and one output (Y). Here, the inputs A and B have a positive sign. So, the summing point produces the output, Y as sum of A and B.
i.e.,Y = A + B.
The following figure shows the summing point with two inputs (A, B) and one output (Y). Here, the inputs A and B are having opposite signs, i.e., A is having positive sign and B is having negative sign. So, the summing point produces the output Y as the difference of A and B.
Y = A + (-B) = A - B.
The following figure shows the summing point with three inputs (A, B, C) and one output (Y). Here, the inputs A and B are having positive signs and C is having a negative sign. So, the summing point produces the output Y as
Y = A + B + (−C) = A + B − C.
Take-off Point
The take-off point is a point from which the same input signal can be passed through more than one branch. That means with the help of take-off point, we can apply the same input to one or more blocks, summing points.
In the following figure, the take-off point is used to connect the same input, R(s) to two more blocks.
In the following figure, the take-off point is used to connect the output C(s), as one of the inputs to the summing point.
Block Diagram Representation of Electrical Systems
In this section, let us represent an electrical system with a block diagram. Electrical systems contain mainly three basic elements — resistor, inductor and capacitor.
Consider a series of RLC circuit as shown in the following figure. Where, Vi(t) and Vo(t) are the input and output voltages. Let i(t) be the current passing through the circuit. This circuit is in time domain.
By applying the Laplace transform to this circuit, will get the circuit in s-domain. The circuit is as shown in the following figure.
From the above circuit, we can write
$$I(s)=frac{V_i(s)-V_o(s)}{R+sL}$$
$Rightarrow I(s)=left { frac{1}{R+sL} right }left { V_i(s)-V_o(s) right }$ (Equation 1)
$V_o(s)=left ( frac{1}{sC} right )I(s)$ (Equation 2)
Let us now draw the block diagrams for these two equations individually. And then combine those block diagrams properly in order to get the overall block diagram of series of RLC Circuit (s-domain).
Equation 1 can be implemented with a block having the transfer function, $frac{1}{R+sL}$. The input and output of this block are $left { V_i(s)-V_o(s) right }$ and $I(s)$. We require a summing point to get $left { V_i(s)-V_o(s) right }$. The block diagram of Equation 1 is shown in the following figure.
Equation 2 can be implemented with a block having transfer function, $frac{1}{sC}$. The input and output of this block are $I(s)$ and $V_o(s)$. The block diagram of Equation 2 is shown in the following figure.
The overall block diagram of the series of RLC Circuit (s-domain) is shown in the following figure.
Similarly, you can draw the block diagram of any electrical circuit or system just by following this simple procedure.
- Convert the time domain electrical circuit into an s-domain electrical circuit by applying Laplace transform.
- Write down the equations for the current passing through all series branch elements and voltage across all shunt branches.
- Draw the block diagrams for all the above equations individually.
- Combine all these block diagrams properly in order to get the overall block diagram of the electrical circuit (s-domain).
A computer network diagram is a schematic depicting the nodes and connections amongst nodes in a computer network or, more generally, any telecommunications network. Computer network diagrams form an important part on network documentation.
- 1Symbolization
- 2Topology
Symbolization[edit]
A sample network diagram
Readily identifiable icons are used to depict common network appliances, e.g. routers, and the style of lines between them indicates the type of connection. Clouds are used to represent networks external to the one pictured for the purposes of depicting connections between internal and external devices, without indicating the specifics of the outside network. For example, in the hypothetical local area network pictured to the right, three personal computers and a server are connected to a switch; the server is further connected to a printer and a gateway router, which is connected via a WAN link to the Internet.[1]
Depending on whether the diagram is intended for formal or informal use, certain details may be lacking and must be determined from context. For example, the sample diagram does not indicate the physical type of connection between the PCs and the switch, but since a modern LAN is depicted, Ethernet may be assumed. If the same style of line was used in a WAN (wide area network) diagram, however, it may indicate a different type of connection.
At different scales diagrams may represent various levels of network granularity. At the LAN level, individual nodes may represent individual physical devices, such as hubs or file servers, while at the WAN level, individual nodes may represent entire cities. In addition, when the scope of a diagram crosses the common LAN/MAN/WAN boundaries, representative hypothetical devices may be depicted instead of showing all actually existing nodes. For example, if a network appliance is intended to be connected through the Internet to many end-user mobile devices, only a single such device may be depicted for the purposes of showing the general relationship between the appliance and any such device.
Cisco symbolization[edit]
Cisco uses its own brand of networking symbols. Since Cisco has a large Internet presence and designs a broad variety of network devices, its list of symbols ('Network Topology Icons') is exhaustive.[2]
Topology[edit]
The physical network topology can be directly represented in a network diagram, as it is simply the physical graph represented by the diagrams, with network nodes as vertices and connections as undirected or direct edges (depending on the type of connection).[3] The logical network topology can be inferred from the network diagram if details of the network protocols in use are also given.
Gallery[edit]
- Overlay network collapsed
- Overlay network broken-up
- xDSL to Internet connectivity
- Triple play illustration
- Internet Distribution and Core
- Internet, Access to core
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Stephen McQuerry (29 May 2008). 'Chapter 1: Building a Simple Network'. Network World. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^'Network Topology Icons'. Cisco. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^'Network Infrastructure'. Microsoft. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
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I need to create block diagrams (which will simply consist of rectangulars connected to each other with arrows, summing and multiplication circles). Microsoft Office 2013 is installed in my school lab, but Microsoft Visio is not included in it (the lab manager said that they had to pay more for Visio and it is not used much in our department).
Installed Office tools are:
- Access
- Excel
- InfoPath Designer & Filler
- Lync
- OneNote
- Outlook
- PowerPoint
- Publisher
- SkyDrive
- Word
I haven't ever used any MS Office tool other than Word and Excel. So, I don't know much about most of the ones listed above. Which of these tools can I use to create block diagrams?
A block diagram which is very similar to what I want to design:
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2 Answers
You can use SmartArt or Shapes in Excel. Just go to the Insert tab and click on SmartArt or Shapes. It's not as easy as Visio makes it, but you can still do it.
BTW, SmartArt is annoying to use for the kind of flow chart you want to create. I would recommend the regular Shapes.
Example:
EDIT: Forgot to mention that you can pretty much do this in Word and PowerPoint.
JosephJoseph
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